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Exam simulation Human factor and limitations PPL(A) - Private Pilot License

Exam simulation ppl-en 120 questions on 120 minutes

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1 - Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision? Cones Rods Macula Blind spot

2 - Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? Joint pain in knees and feet Muscle cramps in the upper body area Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails Blue marks all over the body

3 - What is the meaning of "risky shift"? Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final The tendency to accept higher risks in groups Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope Seat adjustment in flight

4 - What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? A landing beside the centerline A hard landing An undershoot An overshoot

5 - The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head... During a straight horizontal flight. During a turn. During a descent. During a climb.

6 - What does the term "Red-out" mean? "Red vision" during negative g-loads Rash during decompression sickness Anaemia caused by an injury Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset

7 - Which answer is correct concerning stress?

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Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner

8 - The majority of aviation accidents are caused by... Technical failure Meteorological influences. Geographical influences. Human failure.

9 - Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? Head movements during turns Flying under the influence of alcohol Non-accelerated straight and level flight Turbulence in level flight

10 - In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce

11 - An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... A descent. A climb. An inverted flight. A bank.

12 - What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? 21 % 12 % 78 % 18.9 %

13 - A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... A climb. A descent. A bank. An inverted flight.

14 - What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? Critical nervous system Autonomic nervous system Automatical nervous system Compliant nervous system

15 - Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Capillaries of the arteries White blood cells (leucocytes) Blood plates (thrombocytes)

16 - Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? If there is not enough information available During check flights due to a high level of nervousness During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast Due to group-dynamic effects

17 - Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by... Fuel or hydraulic fluids. Generator failure. Cracks in the heat exchanger. Pitot icing.

18 - What does the term "confirmation bias" mean? The feedback loop in a closed communication The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model The bias to confirm each radio call The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight

19 - What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? Reduction Virulence Coherence Reflex

20 - Which factor can lead to human error? Double check of relevant actions Proper use of checklists To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous The bias to see what we expect to see

21 - A risk factor for decompression sickness is... Smoking Sports Scuba diving prior to flight. 100 % oxygen after decompression.

22 - Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? Macho and invulnerability Impulsivity and carefulness Invulnerability and self-abandonment Self-abandonment and macho

23 - Complacency is a risk due to... The high number of mistakes normally made by humans. Increased cockpit automation. The high error rate of technical systems. Better training options for young pilots.

24 - For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? 35 to 50 seconds 30 to 40 seconds 3 to 7 seconds 10 to 20 seconds

25 - Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? Smoking Menstruation Blood donation Diving

26 - Visual illusions are mostly caused by... Rapid eye movements. Misinterpretation of the brain. Colour blindness. Binocular vision.

27 - The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately... 0.1 percent. 0.01 percent. 0.03 percent. 0.3 percent.

28 - Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? Overweight Smoking Sleep deficiency Alcohol consumption

29 - What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? Oxygen transport Blood coagulation Immune defense Blood sugar regulation

30 - What is an indication for a macho attitude? Careful walkaround procedure Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground Quick resignation in complex and critical situations

31 - Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? The oltfactory perception (smell) The tactile perception (sense of touch) The auditory perception (hearing) The visual perception (vision)

32 - Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress? 1. Attention 2. Concentration 3. Responsiveness 4. Memory 2, 4 1 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3

33 - The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram? See figure (HPL- 002) P = Performance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1

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Point A Point D Point C Point B

34 - What is the parallax error? Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision Misperception of speed during taxiing A decoding error in communication between pilots

35 - Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by... Little sleep. Alcohol Smoking. Unhealthy food.

36 - Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes

37 - What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? Introverted - unstable Introverted - stable Extroverted - unstable Extroverted - stable

38 - What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? 1 % 21 % 78 % 0.1 %

39 - At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? 18000 ft 5000 ft 10000 ft 22000 ft

40 - Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? Non-polarised No UV filter Curved sidepiece Unbreakable

41 - Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

42 - Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? Cyanose Tingling Spasm Disturbance of consciousness

43 - At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002) P = Perfromance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1

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Point D Point B Point C Point A

44 - What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets

45 - What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? Immune defense Blood coagulation Blood sugar regulation Oxygen transport

46 - From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? 2000 feet 7000 feet 10000 feet 12000 feet

47 - The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called... Constant flight check. Situational thinking. Anticipatory check procedure. Situational awareness

48 - Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. What is the approximate percentage of other gases? 0.1 % 78 % 1 % 21 %

49 - In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? During a light and slow climb All windows are completely closed Breathing takes place using the mouth only The eustachien tube is blocked

50 - Anemic hypoxia can be caused by... Carbon monoxide poisoning. Low pressure High altitudes. Alcohol

51 - A Grey-out is the result of... Hypoxia Tiredness Positive g-forces. Hyperventilation

52 - Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? 12000 feet 22000 feet 5000 feet 7000 feet

53 - What is a latent error? An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously An error which only has consequences after landing An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time An error which has an immediate effect on the controls

54 - The "swiss cheese model" can be used to explain the... Error chain. Procedure for an emergency landing. Optimal problem solution. State of readiness of a pilot.

55 - Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of... Starting a descent. Starting a climb. Steady turning in the same direction as before Turning into the opposite direction

56 - What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? Oxygen transport Blood coagulation Blood sugar regulation Immune defense

57 - Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured? By the use of radio phraseology By using radios certified for aviation use only By the use of proper headsets By a particular frequency allocation

58 - The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called... Eardrum Cochlea Inner ear. Eustachian tube.

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